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RUB to TRY Live Rate

Last updated June, 08 14:13 (GMT -4:00)

1 RUB = 0.28201 TRY

Prev. Close: 0.28315 Day's Range: 0.28201 - 0.28542

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RUB

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TRY

RUB Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Exchange	Rate	Last day
RUB to GBP rate	0.00972 ▼	0.0098
RUB to EUR rate	0.01131 ▼	0.01139
RUB to AUD rate	0.01816 ▼	0.0183
RUB to CAD rate	0.01628 ▼	0.0163
RUB to USD rate	0.01219 ▼	0.0122
RUB to NZD rate	0.02001 ▼
RUB to TRY rate	0.2845 ▼	0.28425
RUB to DKK rate	0.08429 ▼	0.0849
RUB to AED rate	0.04475 ▼	0.0448
RUB to NOK rate	0.13282 ▼	0.1345
RUB to SEK rate	0.13173 ▼	0.1328
RUB to CHF rate	0.01098 ▼	0.01109
RUB to JPY rate	1.69438 ▼	1.7076
RUB to HKD rate	0.09556 ▼	0.0956
RUB to MXN rate	0.21221 ▼	0.2117
RUB to SGD rate	0.01638 ▼
RUB to ZAR rate	0.22977 ▼	0.2331

Economic indicators of Russian Federation and Turkey

Indicator	Russian Federation	Turkey
Private Consumption	19,772 Bil. RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	-
Nominal GDP	42,251 Bil. RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	-
Investment	12,217 Bil. RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	-
Real Private Consumption	7,866 Bil. 2011 RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2016 Q4	-
Real GDP	16,668 Bil. 2011 RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2016 Q4	-
Producer Price Index (PPI)	102.4 Index prv. mo.=100, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Consumer Price Index (CPI)	205.5 Index 2010=100, NSA, Monthly; Nov 2021	-
Unemployment Rate	3.43 %, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Net Exports	3,118 Bil. RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2022 Q4	-
Imports of Goods	85,501 Mil. USD, NSA, Quarterly; 2021 Q4	-
Exports of Goods	153,843 Mil. USD, NSA, Quarterly; 2021 Q4	-
Lending Rate	7.5 Percent, NSA, Daily; 02 Jun 2023	-
Retail Sales	3,668 Bil. RUR, NSA, Monthly; Apr 2023	-
Consumer Confidence	18 Balance of Opinion, NSA, Quarterly; 2023 Q1	-
Personal Income	50,784 RUB, NSA, Quarterly; 2020 Q2	-

RUB to TRY Historical Rates(table)

Date	Open	Highest	Lowest	Close
RUB to TRY (2023-06-08)	0.28201	0.28422	0.28542	0.28201
RUB to TRY (2023-06-07)	0.28422	0.26960	0.28743	0.26947
RUB to TRY (2023-06-06)	0.26525	0.26380	0.27010	0.26060
RUB to TRY (2023-06-05)	0.26380	0.25990	0.26590	0.25610
RUB to TRY (2023-06-02)	0.25940	0.25690	0.26345	0.25340
RUB to TRY (2023-06-01)	0.25680	0.25505	0.26080	0.25215
RUB to TRY (2023-05-31)	0.25500	0.25340	0.26145	0.25085
RUB to TRY (2023-05-30)	0.27220	0.25055	0.27240	0.24575
RUB to TRY (2023-05-29)	0.25055	0.25315	0.25740	0.23950
RUB to TRY (2023-05-26)	0.25230	0.24915	0.25475	0.24470
RUB to TRY (2023-05-25)	0.24910	0.24810	0.25365	0.24535
RUB to TRY (2023-05-24)	0.24810	0.24775	0.25350	0.24425
RUB to TRY (2023-05-23)	0.24750	0.24645	0.25380	0.24390
RUB to TRY (2023-05-22)	0.24630	0.24755	0.25305	0.24375
RUB to TRY (2023-05-19)	0.24710	0.24625	0.25175	0.24145
RUB to TRY (2023-05-18)	0.24610	0.24600	0.25100	0.24330
RUB to TRY (2023-05-17)	0.24580	0.24510	0.24855	0.24105
RUB to TRY (2023-05-16)	0.24510	0.24655	0.25160	0.24165
RUB to TRY (2023-05-15)	0.24630	0.25360	0.25530	0.24295
RUB to TRY (2023-05-12)	0.25310	0.25385	0.25920	0.24775
RUB to TRY (2023-05-11)	0.25390	0.25680	0.26290	0.24880
RUB to TRY (2023-05-10)	0.25670	0.25120	0.25920	0.24670
RUB to TRY (2023-05-09)	0.25100	0.25100	0.25535	0.24590
RUB to TRY (2023-05-08)	0.25090	0.25060	0.25775	0.24580

RUB to TRY Handy Conversion

1 RUB = 0.282 TRY

2 RUB = 0.564 TRY

3 RUB = 0.846 TRY

4 RUB = 1.128 TRY

5 RUB = 1.41 TRY

6 RUB = 1.692 TRY

7 RUB = 1.974 TRY

8 RUB = 2.256 TRY

9 RUB = 2.538 TRY

10 RUB = 2.82 TRY

15 RUB = 4.23 TRY

20 RUB = 5.64 TRY

25 RUB = 7.05 TRY

50 RUB = 14.101 TRY

100 RUB = 28.201 TRY

200 RUB = 56.402 TRY

250 RUB = 70.503 TRY

500 RUB = 141.005 TRY

750 RUB = 211.508 TRY

1000 RUB = 282.01 TRY

1500 RUB = 423.015 TRY

2000 RUB = 564.02 TRY

5000 RUB = 1410.05 TRY

10000 RUB = 2820.1 TRY

Comparison between Russian Federation and Turkey

Background comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Russian Federation	Turkey
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.	Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. A coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years. From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. In response, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 100,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection with the attempted coup. The government accused followers of an Islamic transnational religious and social movement for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the followers as terrorists. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency in July 2016 that has been extended to July 2017. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 that will, when implemented, change Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.

Russian Federation

Turkey

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. A coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces.

Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years.

From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. In response, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 100,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection with the attempted coup. The government accused followers of an Islamic transnational religious and social movement for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the followers as terrorists. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency in July 2016 that has been extended to July 2017. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 that will, when implemented, change Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system.

Geography comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Location	North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean	Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic coordinates	60 00 N, 100 00 E	39 00 N, 35 00 E
Map references	Asia	Middle East
Area	total: 17,098,242 sq km land: 16,377,742 sq km water: 720,500 sq km country comparison to the world: 1	total: 783,562 sq km land: 769,632 sq km water: 13,930 sq km country comparison to the world: 38
Land boundaries	total: 22,408 km border countries (14): Azerbaijan 338 km, Belarus 1,312 km, China (southeast) 4,133 km, China (south) 46 km, Estonia 324 km, Finland 1,309 km, Georgia 894 km, Kazakhstan 7,644 km, North Korea 18 km, Latvia 332 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km, Mongolia 3,452 km, Norway 191 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Ukraine 1,944 km	total: 2,816 km border countries (8): Armenia 311 km, Azerbaijan 17 km, Bulgaria 223 km, Georgia 273 km, Greece 192 km, Iran 534 km, Iraq 367 km, Syria 899 km
Coastline	37,653 km	7,200 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation	territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
Climate	ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast	temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain	broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions	high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges
Elevation	mean elevation: 600 m elevation extremes: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m highest point: Gora El'brus 5,642 m (highest point in Europe)	mean elevation: 1,132 m elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Ararat 5,137 m
Natural resources	wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, reserves of rare earth elements, timber note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources	coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
Land use	agricultural land: 13.1% arable land 7.3%; permanent crops 0.1%; permanent pasture 5.7% forest: 49.4% other: 37.5% (2011 est.)	agricultural land: 49.7% arable land 26.7%; permanent crops 4%; permanent pasture 19% forest: 14.9% other: 35.4% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land	43,000 sq km (2012)	52,150 sq km (2012)
Population - distribution	population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south	the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Natural hazards	permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky	severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier
Environment - current issues	air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides	water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94	party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note	largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh water	strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country

People comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Population	142,257,519 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 9	80,845,215 (July 2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Nationality	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian	noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Ethnic groups	Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census (2010 est.)	Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 7-12% (2016 est.)
Languages	Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% note: data represent native language spoken (2010 est.)	Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
Religions	Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as traditional religions	Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Dependency ratios	total dependency ratio: 43.5 youth dependency ratio: 24.2 elderly dependency ratio: 19.4 potential support ratio: 5.2 (2015 est.)	total dependency ratio: 50.1 youth dependency ratio: 38.4 elderly dependency ratio: 11.7 potential support ratio: 8.5 (2015 est.)
Median age	total: 39.6 years male: 36.6 years female: 42.5 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 53	total: 30.9 years male: 30.5 years female: 31.4 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 110
Population growth rate	-0.08% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 205	0.52% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 153
Birth rate	11 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 178	15.7 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 119
Death rate	13.5 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 9	6 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Net migration rate	1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 52	-4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 185
Population distribution	population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south	the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast
Urbanization	urban population: 74.2% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)	urban population: 74.4% of total population (2017) rate of urbanization: 1.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population	MOSCOW (capital) 12.166 million; Saint Petersburg 4.993 million; Novosibirsk 1.497 million; Yekaterinburg 1.379 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.212 million; Samara 1.164 million (2015)	Istanbul 14.164 million; ANKARA (capital) 4.75 million; Izmir 3.04 million; Bursa 1.923 million; Adana 1.83 million; Gaziantep 1.528 million (2015)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.75 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.45 male(s)/female total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2017 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth	24.6 years (2009 est.)	22.3 years (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio	25 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 122	16 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 134
Infant mortality rate	total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births male: 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 163	total: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births male: 18.8 deaths/1,000 live births female: 16.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 91
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 71 years male: 65.3 years female: 77.1 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 154	total population: 75 years male: 72.7 years female: 77.5 years (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 113
Total fertility rate	1.61 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 179	2.01 children born/woman (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 118
Contraceptive prevalence rate	68% note: percent of women aged 15-44 (2011)	73.5% (2013)
Health expenditures	7.1% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 80	5.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 131
Physicians density	3.98 physicians/1,000 population (2015)	1.75 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
Hospital bed density	8.2 beds/1,000 population (2013)	2.7 beds/1,000 population (2013)
Drinking water source	improved: urban: 98.9% of population rural: 91.2% of population total: 96.9% of population unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population rural: 8.8% of population total: 3.1% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access	improved: urban: 77% of population rural: 58.7% of population total: 72.2% of population unimproved: urban: 23% of population rural: 41.3% of population total: 27.8% of population (2015 est.)	improved: urban: 98.3% of population rural: 85.5% of population total: 94.9% of population unimproved: urban: 1.7% of population rural: 14.5% of population total: 5.1% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate	NA	NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS	NA	NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths	NA	NA
Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2016)	-
Obesity - adult prevalence rate	23.1% (2016) country comparison to the world: 70	32.1% (2016) country comparison to the world: 17
Education expenditures	3.8% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 110	4.4% of GDP (2014) country comparison to the world: 142
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.7% male: 99.7% female: 99.6% (2015 est.)	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.6% male: 98.6% female: 92.6% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)	total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 15 years (2014)	total: 16 years male: 17 years female: 16 years (2013)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24	total: 16% male: 15.3% female: 16.9% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 85	total: 18.5% male: 16.5% female: 22.2% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 72
Children under the age of 5 years underweight	-	1.9% (2013) country comparison to the world: 123

Government comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Country name	conventional long form: Russian Federation conventional short form: Russia local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic etymology: Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects	conventional long form: Republic of Turkey conventional short form: Turkey local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form: Turkiye etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"
Government type	semi-presidential federation	parliamentary republic
Capital	name: Moscow geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST was dropped	name: Ankara geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions	46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast') oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl' republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita) federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg] autonomous oblast: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan) note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol	81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence	24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)	29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed succeeding the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday	Russia Day, 12 June (1990)	Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Constitution	history: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993 amendments: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two-thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended 2008, 2014 (2017)	history: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982 amendments: proposed by written consent of at least one-third of Grand National Assembly (GNA) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary GNA session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request GNA reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority GNA vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2017 (2018)
Legal system	civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts	civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code
International law organization participation	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch	chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012) head of government: Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 8 May 2012); First Deputy Premier Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Arkadiy Vladimirovich DVORKOVICH (since 21 May 2012), Olga Yuryevna GOLODETS (since 21 May 2012), Aleksandr Gennadiyevich KHLOPONIN (since 19 January 2010), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Vitaliy Leontyevich MUTKO (since 19 October 2016), Dmitriy Olegovich ROGOZIN (since 23 December 2011), Sergey Eduardovich PRIKHODKO (since 22 May 2013); Yuriy Petrovich TRUTNEV (since 31 August 2013) cabinet: the "Government" is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 March 2018 (next to be held in March 2024); note - term length extended to 6 years from 4 years in late 2008, effective after the 2012 election; there is no vice president; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma election results: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 5.8%; Dmitriy MEDVEDEV (United Russia) reapproved as premier by Duma on 8 May 2018; vote - 374 to 56 note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president	chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 10 August 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Binali YILDIRIM (since 22 May 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Recep AKDAG (since 20 July 2017), Bekir BOZDAG (since 20 July 2017), Hakan CAVUSOGLU (since 20 July 2017), Fikri ISIK (since 20 July 2017), Mehmet SIMSEK (since 24 November 2015) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, appointed by the president (until the next parliamentary or presidential election following the April 2017 referendum) elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of parliament; note - a 2007 constitutional amendment changed the presidential electoral process to direct popular vote; prime minister appointed by the president from among members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey; election last held on 10 August 2014 (next to be held on 24 June 2018) election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN elected president; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 51.8%, Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU (independent) 38.4%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 9.8%
Legislative branch	description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) elections: State Duma - last held on 18 September 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021) election results: State Duma - United Russia 54.2%, CPRF 13.3%, LDPR 13.1%, A Just Russia 6.2%, Rodina 1.5%, CP 0.2%; seats by party - United Russia 343, CPRF 42, LDPR 39, A Just Russia 23, Rodina 1, CP 1, independent 1 note: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives and the Federation Council 2 each from the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol, two regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia	description: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats - will increase to 600 at November 2018 election); members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms - term increased to 5 years beginning with November 2018 election) elections: last held on 1 November 2015 (next to be held on 24 June 2018) election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 49.5%, CHP 25.3%, MHP 11.9%, HDP 10.8%, other 2.5%; seats by party - AKP 317, CHP 134, HDP 59, MHP 40, ; note - only parties surpassing the 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats
Judicial branch	highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 19 members); note - in February 2014, Russia’s Superior Court of Arbitration was abolished and its former authorities transferred to the Supreme Court, which in addition to being the country’s highest judicial authority for appeals, civil, criminal, administrative, and military cases, and the disciplinary judicial board now has jurisdiction over economic disputes judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life subordinate courts: Higher Arbitration Court; regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts; note - the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions	highest court: Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of 17 members - a constitutional referendum held in 2017 approved an amendment to reduce to 15 from 17 the number of Constitutional Court judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members) judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges appointed for 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges appointed until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members appointed for renewable, 4-year terms subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts, peace courts; military courts; state security courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit; note - a constitutional amendment in 2017 abolished military courts unless established to investigate military personnel actions during war conditions
Political parties and leaders	A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV] Civic Platform or CP [Rifat SHAYKHUTDINOV] Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy ZYUGANOV] Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY] Rodina [Aleksei ZHURAVLYOV] United Russia [Dmitriy MEDVEDEV] note: 72 political parties are registered with Russia's Ministry of Justice (as of August 2017), but only six parties maintain representation in Russia's national legislature, and two of these only have one deputy apiece	Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL] Democratic Left Party or DSP [Onder AKSAKAL] Felicity Party or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU] Good Party or IYI [Meral AKSENER] Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI] Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN] Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI] Patriotic Party or VP [Dogu PERINCEK] People's Democratic Party or HDP [Selahattin DEMIRTAS and Serpil KEMALBAY]; note - DEMIRTAS was detained by Turkish authorities in November 2016 over his alleged links to the PKK Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU] True Path Party or DYP [Cetin OZACIRGOZ]
Political pressure groups and leaders	Committees of Soldiers' Mothers Confederation of Labor of Russia or KTR Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights Memorial Movement Against Illegal Migration Russkiye Solidarnost The World Russian People's Congress Union of Russian Writers other: business associations; environmental organizations; religious groups (especially those with Orthodox or Muslim affiliation); veterans groups	Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Mehmet BOZGEYIK, Aysun GEZEN, cochairs] Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Kani BEKO] Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Abfuttahman KAAN] Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Mahmut ARSLAN] Turkish Confederation of Employer Associations or TISK [Kudret ONEN] Turkish Confederation of Labor Unions or Turk-Is [Ergun ATALAY] Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Bendevi PALANDOKEN] Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Erol BILECIK] Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
International organization participation	APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC	ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Anatoliy Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017) chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708 FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735 consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, Seattle	chief of mission: Ambassador Serdar KILIC (since 21 May 2014) chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Jon HUNTSMAN (since 3 October 2017) embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721 telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000 FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090 consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Philip KOSNETT (since 16 October 2017) embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555 FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019 consulate(s) general: Istanbul consulate(s): Adana
Flag description	three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; this flag inspired several other Slav countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors	red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors
National symbol(s)	bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red	star and crescent; national colors: red, white
National anthem	name: "Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii" (National Anthem of the Russian Federation) lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943	name: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March) lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932

Economy comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Economy - overview	Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model. A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close by 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.	Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook. Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms. Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas. After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis. The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.
GDP (purchasing power parity)	$4 trillion (2017 est.) $3.93 trillion (2016 est.) $3.938 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 7	$2.133 trillion (2017 est.) $2.029 trillion (2016 est.) $1.966 trillion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 14
GDP (official exchange rate)	$1.469 trillion (2017 est.)	$841.2 billion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	1.8% (2017 est.) -0.2% (2016 est.) -2.8% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 162	5.1% (2017 est.) 3.2% (2016 est.) 6.1% (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 38
GDP - per capita (PPP)	$27,900 (2017 est.) $27,400 (2016 est.) $27,500 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 71	$26,500 (2017 est.) $25,400 (2016 est.) $25,000 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars country comparison to the world: 75
Gross national saving	26.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 27.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 27.2% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 42	25.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 24.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 24.8% of GDP (2015 est.) country comparison to the world: 49
GDP - composition, by end use	household consumption: 52.4% government consumption: 17.8% investment in fixed capital: 21.1% investment in inventories: 2.5% exports of goods and services: 25.6% imports of goods and services: -19.4% (2017 est.)	household consumption: 59.8% government consumption: 15.3% investment in fixed capital: 28.6% investment in inventories: -0.9% exports of goods and services: 24% imports of goods and services: -26.8% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin	agriculture: 4.7% industry: 32.4% services: 62.3% (2017 est.)	agriculture: 6.7% industry: 31.8% services: 61.4% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products	grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk	tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock
Industries	complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts	textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Industrial production growth rate	1.1% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 160	3% (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 100
Labor force	76.53 million (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 7	31.3 million note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 20
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 9.4% industry: 27.6% services: 63% (2016 est.)	agriculture: 18.4% industry: 26.6% services: 54.9% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate	5.5% (2017 est.) 5.5% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 76	11.2% (2017 est.) 10.9% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Population below poverty line	13.3% (2015 est.)	21.9% (2015 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)	lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 30.3% (2008 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index	41.2 (2015 est.) 41.9 (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 59	40.2 (2010 est.) 43.6 (2003 est.) country comparison to the world: 65
Budget	revenues: $253.9 billion expenditures: $287.5 billion (2017 est.)	revenues: $173.9 billion expenditures: $190.4 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues	17.3% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 175	20.7% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 147
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)	-2.3% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 95	-2% of GDP (2017 est.) country comparison to the world: 86
Public debt	11.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 10% of GDP (2016 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions country comparison to the world: 197	29.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 29.4% of GDP (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 165
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	4.2% (2017 est.) 7% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 161	10.9% (2017 est.) 7.8% (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 205
Central bank discount rate	10% (31 December 2016 est.) 11% (03 August 2015 est.) note: this is the so-called refinancing rate, but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes country comparison to the world: 21	5.25% (31 December 2011 est.) 15% (22 December 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Commercial bank prime lending rate	10.3% (31 December 2017 est.) 12.59% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 80	15.2% (31 December 2017 est.) 14.74% (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 42
Stock of narrow money	$204.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $195.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 25	$122 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 33
Stock of broad money	$688.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $633.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 20	$445 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $399.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Stock of domestic credit	$825.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $770.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 19	$612.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $549.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Market value of publicly traded shares	$635.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $393.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $385.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.) country comparison to the world: 19	$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 36
Current account balance	$41.46 billion (2017 est.) $25.54 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 12	$-38.95 billion (2017 est.) $-32.61 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 198
Exports	$336.8 billion (2017 est.) $281.9 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 17	$157.3 billion (2017 est.) $150.2 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 34
Exports - commodities	petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures	apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
Exports - partners	Netherlands 10.5%, China 10.3%, Germany 7.8%, Turkey 5%, Italy 4.4%, Belarus 4.3% (2016)	Germany 9.8%, UK 8.2%, Iraq 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, US 4.7%, France 4.2% (2016)
Imports	$212.7 billion (2017 est.) $191.6 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 23	$196.8 billion (2017 est.) $191 billion (2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Imports - commodities	machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel	machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Imports - partners	China 21.6%, Germany 11%, US 6.3%, France 4.8%, Italy 4.4%, Belarus 4.3% (2016)	China 12.8%, Germany 10.8%, Russia 7.6%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.2% (2016)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$418.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 7	$107.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Debt - external	$451.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $434.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 28	$429.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $404.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 30
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home	$479.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $461.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 19	$143.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $133.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 39
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad	$443 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $418 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 19	$41.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $38.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 46
Exchange rates	Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 58.39 (2017 est.) 67.06 (2016 est.) 67.06 (2015 est.) 60.94 (2014 est.) 38.38 (2013 est.)	Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 3.63 (2017 est.) 3.02 (2016 est.) 3.02 (2015 est.) 2.72 (2014 est.) 2.19 (2013 est.)

Russian Federation

Turkey

Economy - overview

Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.

Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia’s commodity-based growth model.

A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close by 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.

Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook.

Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms.

Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas.

After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis.

The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$4 trillion (2017 est.)

$3.93 trillion (2016 est.)

$3.938 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 7

$2.133 trillion (2017 est.)

$2.029 trillion (2016 est.)

$1.966 trillion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 14

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.469 trillion (2017 est.)

$841.2 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

1.8% (2017 est.)

-0.2% (2016 est.)

-2.8% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 162

5.1% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

6.1% (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 38

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$27,900 (2017 est.)

$27,400 (2016 est.)

$27,500 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 71

$26,500 (2017 est.)

$25,400 (2016 est.)

$25,000 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars

country comparison to the world: 75

Gross national saving

26.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

27.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

27.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 42

25.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

24.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

24.8% of GDP (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 49

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 52.4%

government consumption: 17.8%

investment in fixed capital: 21.1%

investment in inventories: 2.5%

exports of goods and services: 25.6%

imports of goods and services: -19.4% (2017 est.)

household consumption: 59.8%

government consumption: 15.3%

investment in fixed capital: 28.6%

investment in inventories: -0.9%

exports of goods and services: 24%

imports of goods and services: -26.8% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 4.7%

industry: 32.4%

services: 62.3% (2017 est.)

agriculture: 6.7%

industry: 31.8%

services: 61.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk

tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock

Industries

complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate

1.1% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 160

3% (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 100

Labor force

76.53 million (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

31.3 million

note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 9.4%

industry: 27.6%

services: 63% (2016 est.)

agriculture: 18.4%

industry: 26.6%

services: 54.9% (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.5% (2017 est.)

5.5% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 76

11.2% (2017 est.)

10.9% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 147

Population below poverty line

13.3% (2015 est.)

21.9% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)

lowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2008 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

41.2 (2015 est.)

41.9 (2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 59

40.2 (2010 est.)

43.6 (2003 est.)

country comparison to the world: 65

Budget

revenues: $253.9 billion

expenditures: $287.5 billion (2017 est.)

revenues: $173.9 billion

expenditures: $190.4 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 175

20.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 147

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 95

-2% of GDP (2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 86

Public debt

11.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

10% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

country comparison to the world: 197

29.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

29.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 165

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.2% (2017 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 161

10.9% (2017 est.)

7.8% (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 205

Central bank discount rate

10% (31 December 2016 est.)

11% (03 August 2015 est.)

note: this is the so-called refinancing rate, but in Russia banks do not get refinancing at this rate; this is a reference rate used primarily for fiscal purposes

country comparison to the world: 21

5.25% (31 December 2011 est.)

15% (22 December 2009 est.)

country comparison to the world: 79

Commercial bank prime lending rate

10.3% (31 December 2017 est.)

12.59% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 80

15.2% (31 December 2017 est.)

14.74% (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 42

Stock of narrow money

$204.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$195.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

$122 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

Stock of broad money

$688.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$633.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

$445 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$399.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Stock of domestic credit

$825.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$770.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

$612.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$549.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Market value of publicly traded shares

$635.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

$393.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$385.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

$219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance

$41.46 billion (2017 est.)

$25.54 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 12

$-38.95 billion (2017 est.)

$-32.61 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 198

Exports

$336.8 billion (2017 est.)

$281.9 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 17

$157.3 billion (2017 est.)

$150.2 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 34

Exports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood and wood products, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures

apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment

Exports - partners

Netherlands 10.5%, China 10.3%, Germany 7.8%, Turkey 5%, Italy 4.4%, Belarus 4.3% (2016)

Germany 9.8%, UK 8.2%, Iraq 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, US 4.7%, France 4.2% (2016)

Imports

$212.7 billion (2017 est.)

$191.6 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 23

$196.8 billion (2017 est.)

$191 billion (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Imports - commodities

machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel

machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment

Imports - partners

China 21.6%, Germany 11%, US 6.3%, France 4.8%, Italy 4.4%, Belarus 4.3% (2016)

China 12.8%, Germany 10.8%, Russia 7.6%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.2% (2016)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$418.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

$107.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 25

Debt - external

$451.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$434.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 28

$429.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$404.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 30

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$479.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$461.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

$143.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$133.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$443 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$418 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

$41.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$38.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 46

Exchange rates

Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -

58.39 (2017 est.)

67.06 (2016 est.)

67.06 (2015 est.)

60.94 (2014 est.)

38.38 (2013 est.)

Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -

3.63 (2017 est.)

3.02 (2016 est.)

3.02 (2015 est.)

2.72 (2014 est.)

2.19 (2013 est.)

Energy comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Russian Federation

Turkey

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

1.008 trillion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5

245.8 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - consumption

890.1 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

213.2 billion kWh (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Electricity - exports

13.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

1.442 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 49

Electricity - imports

3.194 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 50

6.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 33

Electricity - installed generating capacity

263.5 million kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

73.15 million kW (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - from fossil fuels

70.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 104

56.8% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 138

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

9.7% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 195

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

19% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 92

35.4% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 59

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 148

11.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 66

Crude oil - production

10.55 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

49,500 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 55

Crude oil - exports

5.116 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

0 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 200

Crude oil - imports

15,110 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 67

506,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 18

Crude oil - proved reserves

80 billion bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 8

388.5 million bbl (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 54

Refined petroleum products - production

6.174 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 4

618,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 29

Refined petroleum products - consumption

3.594 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 6

943,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 24

Refined petroleum products - exports

3.133 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

134,900 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 39

Refined petroleum products - imports

47,770 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 84

527,700 bbl/day (2016 est.)

country comparison to the world: 16

Natural gas - production

598.6 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 2

381 million cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 73

Natural gas - consumption

418.9 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 3

81.35 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - exports

197.7 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

624 million cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 41

Natural gas - imports

18 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

48.43 billion cu m (2015 est.)

country comparison to the world: 7

Natural gas - proved reserves

47.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 1

18.49 billion cu m (1 January 2017 est.)

country comparison to the world: 77

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

1.756 billion Mt (2014 est.)

country comparison to the world: 5

319 million Mt (2013 est.)

country comparison to the world: 20

Communications comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Telephones - fixed lines	total subscriptions: 32,276,615 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 9	total subscriptions: 11,077,559 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 18
Telephones - mobile cellular	total: 229,126,152 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 161 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 7	total: 75,061,699 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 93 (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 22
Telephone system	general assessment: telecom sector impacted by sanctions related to the annexations in Ukraine; mobile market dominaed by four major operators; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to 255 million in 2016; fixed-line service has improved but a large demand remains domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low-density international: country code - 7; connected internationally by undersea fiber -optic cables; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2016)	general assessment: comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity is roughly 105 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2016)
Broadcast media	13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations (2016)	Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and up to 300 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; more than 1,000 private radio broadcast stations (2009)
Internet country code	.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out	.tr
Internet users	total: 108,772,470 percent of population: 76.4% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 7	total: 46,838,412 percent of population: 58.3% (July 2016 est.) country comparison to the world: 16

Transportation comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
National air transport system	number of registered air carriers: 32 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 661 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 76,846,126 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4,761,047,070 mt-km (2015)	number of registered air carriers: 15 inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 531 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 96,604,665 annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,882.162 million mt-km (2015)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix	RA (2016)	TC (2016)
Airports	1,218 (2013) country comparison to the world: 5	98 (2013) country comparison to the world: 58
Airports - with paved runways	total: 594 over 3,047 m: 54 2,438 to 3,047 m: 197 1,524 to 2,437 m: 123 914 to 1,523 m: 95 under 914 m: 125 (2017)	total: 91 over 3,047 m: 16 2,438 to 3,047 m: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 16 under 914 m: 4 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 624 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 81 under 914 m: 457 (2013)	total: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2013)
Heliports	49 (2013)	20 (2013)
Pipelines	gas 177,700 km; oil 54,800 km; refined products 19,300 km (2016)	gas 12,603 km; oil 3,038 km (2016)
Railways	total: 87,157 km broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island) note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2014) country comparison to the world: 3	total: 12,008 km standard gauge: 12,008 km 1.435-m gauge (3,216 km electrified) (2014) country comparison to the world: 21
Roadways	total: 1,283,387 km paved: 927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways) unpaved: 355,666 km (2012) country comparison to the world: 5	total: 385,754 km paved: 352,268 km (includes 2,127 km of expressways) unpaved: 33,486 km (2012) country comparison to the world: 19
Waterways	102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009) country comparison to the world: 2	1,200 km (2010) country comparison to the world: 59
Merchant marine	total: 2,572 by type: bulk carrier 16, container ship 13, general cargo 874, oil tanker 411, other 1,258 (2017) country comparison to the world: 10	total: 1,285 by type: bulk carrier 78, container ship 50, general cargo 432, oil tanker 121, other 604 (2017) country comparison to the world: 22
Ports and terminals	major seaport(s): Kaliningrad, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Vostochnyy river port(s): Saint Petersburg (Neva River) oil terminal(s): Kavkaz oil terminal container port(s) (TEUs): Saint Petersburg (2,365,174) LNG terminal(s) (export): Sakhalin Island	major seaport(s): Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca container port(s) (TEUs): Ambarli (3,062,000), Mersin (Icel) (1,428,000) (2015) LNG terminal(s) (import): Izmir Aliaga, Marmara Ereglisi

Military comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Military expenditures	5.4% of GDP (2016) 4.86% of GDP (2015) 4.1% of GDP (2014) 3.96% of GDP (2013) 3.75% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 8	1.73% of GDP (2016) 1.85% of GDP (2015) 1.9% of GDP (2014) 1.96% of GDP (2013) 2.05% of GDP (2012) country comparison to the world: 61
Military branches	Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV) and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches (2017)	Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri) (2013)
Military service age and obligation	18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 1-year service obligation (conscripts can only be sent to combat zones after 6 months of training); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces note: the chief of the General Staff Mobilization Directorate announced in March 2015 that for health reasons, only 76% of draftees called up during the spring 2015 draft campaign were fit for military service (2015)	21-41 years of age for male compulsory military service (in case of mobilization, up to 65 years of age); 18 years of age for voluntary service; 12-month conscript obligation for non-university graduates, 6-12 months for university graduates (graduates of higher education may perform 6 months of military service as short-term privates, or 12 months as reserve officers); conscripts are called to register at age 20, for service at 21; women serve in the Turkish Armed Forces only as officers; reserve obligation to age 41; Turkish citizens with a residence or work permit who have worked abroad for at least 3 years (1095 days) can be exempt from military service in exchange for 6,000 EUR or its equivalent in foreign currencies; a law passed in December 2014 introduced a one-time payment scheme which exempted Turkish citizens 27 and older from conscription in exchange for a payment of $8,150 (2013)
Military - note	-	the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2014)

Transnational comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

	Russian Federation	Turkey
Disputes - international	Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in June 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine’s territory of Crimea Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission	complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley
Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 427,240 (Ukraine) (2017) IDPs: 19,000 (armed conflict, human rights violations, generalized violence in North Caucasus, particularly Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2017) stateless persons: 90,771 (2016); note - Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants	refugees (country of origin): 157,000 (Afghanistan); 152,000 (Iraq); 33,000 (Iran) (2017); 3,589,384 (Syria) (2018) IDPs: 1.113 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2017) stateless persons: 780 (2016)
Trafficking in persons	current situation: Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; with millions of foreign workers, forced labor is Russia’s predominant human trafficking problem and sometimes involves organized crime syndicates; workers from Russia, other European countries, Central Asia, and East and Southeast Asia, including North Korea and Vietnam, are subjected to forced labor in the construction, manufacturing, agricultural, textile, grocery store, maritime, and domestic service industries, as well as in forced begging, waste sorting, and street sweeping; women and children from Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central Asia are subject to sex trafficking in Russia; Russian women and children are victims of sex trafficking domestically and in Northeast Asia, Europe, Central Asia, Africa, the US, and the Middle East tier rating: Tier 3 - Russia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making a significant effort to do so; prosecutions of trafficking offenders remained low in comparison to the scope of Russia’s trafficking problem; the government did not develop or employ a formal system for identifying trafficking victims or referring them to protective services, although authorities reportedly assisted a limited number of victims on an ad hoc basis; foreign victims, the largest group in Russia, were not entitled to state-provided rehabilitative services and were routinely detained and deported; the government has not reported investigating reports of slave-like conditions among North Korean workers in Russia; authorities have made no effort to reduce the demand for forced labor or to develop public awareness of forced labor or sex trafficking (2015)	-
Illicit drugs	limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; major consumer of opiates	key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls

RUB to TRY Historical Rates

year	by month
RUB to TRY in 2023	RUB to TRY in 2023-06 RUB to TRY in 2023-05 RUB to TRY in 2023-04 RUB to TRY in 2023-03 RUB to TRY in 2023-02 RUB to TRY in 2023-01
RUB to TRY in 2022	RUB to TRY in 2022-12 RUB to TRY in 2022-11 RUB to TRY in 2022-10 RUB to TRY in 2022-09 RUB to TRY in 2022-08 RUB to TRY in 2022-07 RUB to TRY in 2022-06 RUB to TRY in 2022-05 RUB to TRY in 2022-04 RUB to TRY in 2022-03 RUB to TRY in 2022-02 RUB to TRY in 2022-01
RUB to TRY in 2021	RUB to TRY in 2021-12 RUB to TRY in 2021-11 RUB to TRY in 2021-10 RUB to TRY in 2021-09 RUB to TRY in 2021-08 RUB to TRY in 2021-07 RUB to TRY in 2021-06 RUB to TRY in 2021-05 RUB to TRY in 2021-04 RUB to TRY in 2021-03 RUB to TRY in 2021-02 RUB to TRY in 2021-01
RUB to TRY in 2020	RUB to TRY in 2020-12 RUB to TRY in 2020-11 RUB to TRY in 2020-10 RUB to TRY in 2020-09 RUB to TRY in 2020-08 RUB to TRY in 2020-07 RUB to TRY in 2020-06 RUB to TRY in 2020-05 RUB to TRY in 2020-04 RUB to TRY in 2020-03 RUB to TRY in 2020-02 RUB to TRY in 2020-01
RUB to TRY in 2019	RUB to TRY in 2019-12 RUB to TRY in 2019-11 RUB to TRY in 2019-10 RUB to TRY in 2019-09 RUB to TRY in 2019-08 RUB to TRY in 2019-07 RUB to TRY in 2019-06 RUB to TRY in 2019-05 RUB to TRY in 2019-04 RUB to TRY in 2019-03 RUB to TRY in 2019-02 RUB to TRY in 2019-01
RUB to TRY in 2018	RUB to TRY in 2018-12 RUB to TRY in 2018-11 RUB to TRY in 2018-10 RUB to TRY in 2018-09 RUB to TRY in 2018-08 RUB to TRY in 2018-07 RUB to TRY in 2018-06 RUB to TRY in 2018-05 RUB to TRY in 2018-04 RUB to TRY in 2018-03 RUB to TRY in 2018-02 RUB to TRY in 2018-01
RUB to TRY in 2017	RUB to TRY in 2017-12 RUB to TRY in 2017-11 RUB to TRY in 2017-10 RUB to TRY in 2017-09 RUB to TRY in 2017-08 RUB to TRY in 2017-07 RUB to TRY in 2017-06 RUB to TRY in 2017-05 RUB to TRY in 2017-04 RUB to TRY in 2017-03 RUB to TRY in 2017-02 RUB to TRY in 2017-01
RUB to TRY in 2016	RUB to TRY in 2016-12 RUB to TRY in 2016-11 RUB to TRY in 2016-10 RUB to TRY in 2016-09 RUB to TRY in 2016-08 RUB to TRY in 2016-07 RUB to TRY in 2016-06 RUB to TRY in 2016-05 RUB to TRY in 2016-04 RUB to TRY in 2016-03 RUB to TRY in 2016-02 RUB to TRY in 2016-01
RUB to TRY in 2015	RUB to TRY in 2015-12 RUB to TRY in 2015-11 RUB to TRY in 2015-10 RUB to TRY in 2015-09 RUB to TRY in 2015-08 RUB to TRY in 2015-07 RUB to TRY in 2015-06 RUB to TRY in 2015-05 RUB to TRY in 2015-04 RUB to TRY in 2015-03 RUB to TRY in 2015-02 RUB to TRY in 2015-01
RUB to TRY in 2014	RUB to TRY in 2014-12 RUB to TRY in 2014-11 RUB to TRY in 2014-10 RUB to TRY in 2014-09 RUB to TRY in 2014-08 RUB to TRY in 2014-07 RUB to TRY in 2014-06 RUB to TRY in 2014-05 RUB to TRY in 2014-04 RUB to TRY in 2014-03 RUB to TRY in 2014-02 RUB to TRY in 2014-01
RUB to TRY in 2013	RUB to TRY in 2013-12 RUB to TRY in 2013-11 RUB to TRY in 2013-10 RUB to TRY in 2013-09 RUB to TRY in 2013-08 RUB to TRY in 2013-07 RUB to TRY in 2013-06 RUB to TRY in 2013-05 RUB to TRY in 2013-04 RUB to TRY in 2013-03 RUB to TRY in 2013-02 RUB to TRY in 2013-01
RUB to TRY in 2012	RUB to TRY in 2012-12 RUB to TRY in 2012-11 RUB to TRY in 2012-10 RUB to TRY in 2012-09 RUB to TRY in 2012-08 RUB to TRY in 2012-07 RUB to TRY in 2012-06 RUB to TRY in 2012-05 RUB to TRY in 2012-04 RUB to TRY in 2012-03 RUB to TRY in 2012-02 RUB to TRY in 2012-01
RUB to TRY in 2011	RUB to TRY in 2011-12 RUB to TRY in 2011-11 RUB to TRY in 2011-10 RUB to TRY in 2011-09 RUB to TRY in 2011-08 RUB to TRY in 2011-07 RUB to TRY in 2011-06 RUB to TRY in 2011-05 RUB to TRY in 2011-04 RUB to TRY in 2011-03 RUB to TRY in 2011-02 RUB to TRY in 2011-01
RUB to TRY in 2010	RUB to TRY in 2010-12 RUB to TRY in 2010-11 RUB to TRY in 2010-10 RUB to TRY in 2010-09 RUB to TRY in 2010-08 RUB to TRY in 2010-07 RUB to TRY in 2010-06 RUB to TRY in 2010-05 RUB to TRY in 2010-04 RUB to TRY in 2010-03 RUB to TRY in 2010-02 RUB to TRY in 2010-01
RUB to TRY in 2009	RUB to TRY in 2009-12 RUB to TRY in 2009-11 RUB to TRY in 2009-10 RUB to TRY in 2009-09 RUB to TRY in 2009-08 RUB to TRY in 2009-07 RUB to TRY in 2009-06 RUB to TRY in 2009-05 RUB to TRY in 2009-04 RUB to TRY in 2009-03 RUB to TRY in 2009-02 RUB to TRY in 2009-01
RUB to TRY in 2008	RUB to TRY in 2008-12 RUB to TRY in 2008-11 RUB to TRY in 2008-10 RUB to TRY in 2008-09 RUB to TRY in 2008-08 RUB to TRY in 2008-07 RUB to TRY in 2008-06 RUB to TRY in 2008-05 RUB to TRY in 2008-04 RUB to TRY in 2008-03 RUB to TRY in 2008-02 RUB to TRY in 2008-01
RUB to TRY in 2007	RUB to TRY in 2007-12 RUB to TRY in 2007-11 RUB to TRY in 2007-10 RUB to TRY in 2007-09 RUB to TRY in 2007-08 RUB to TRY in 2007-07 RUB to TRY in 2007-06 RUB to TRY in 2007-05 RUB to TRY in 2007-04 RUB to TRY in 2007-03 RUB to TRY in 2007-02 RUB to TRY in 2007-01
RUB to TRY in 2006	RUB to TRY in 2006-12 RUB to TRY in 2006-11 RUB to TRY in 2006-10 RUB to TRY in 2006-09 RUB to TRY in 2006-08 RUB to TRY in 2006-07 RUB to TRY in 2006-06 RUB to TRY in 2006-05 RUB to TRY in 2006-04 RUB to TRY in 2006-03 RUB to TRY in 2006-02 RUB to TRY in 2006-01
RUB to TRY in 2005	RUB to TRY in 2005-12 RUB to TRY in 2005-11 RUB to TRY in 2005-10 RUB to TRY in 2005-09 RUB to TRY in 2005-08 RUB to TRY in 2005-07 RUB to TRY in 2005-06 RUB to TRY in 2005-05 RUB to TRY in 2005-04 RUB to TRY in 2005-03 RUB to TRY in 2005-02 RUB to TRY in 2005-01
RUB to TRY in 2004	RUB to TRY in 2004-12 RUB to TRY in 2004-11 RUB to TRY in 2004-10 RUB to TRY in 2004-09 RUB to TRY in 2004-08 RUB to TRY in 2004-07 RUB to TRY in 2004-06 RUB to TRY in 2004-05 RUB to TRY in 2004-04 RUB to TRY in 2004-03 RUB to TRY in 2004-02 RUB to TRY in 2004-01
RUB to TRY in 2003	RUB to TRY in 2003-12 RUB to TRY in 2003-11 RUB to TRY in 2003-10 RUB to TRY in 2003-09 RUB to TRY in 2003-08 RUB to TRY in 2003-07 RUB to TRY in 2003-06 RUB to TRY in 2003-05 RUB to TRY in 2003-04 RUB to TRY in 2003-03 RUB to TRY in 2003-02 RUB to TRY in 2003-01
RUB to TRY in 2002	RUB to TRY in 2002-12 RUB to TRY in 2002-11 RUB to TRY in 2002-10 RUB to TRY in 2002-09 RUB to TRY in 2002-08 RUB to TRY in 2002-07 RUB to TRY in 2002-06 RUB to TRY in 2002-05 RUB to TRY in 2002-04 RUB to TRY in 2002-03 RUB to TRY in 2002-02 RUB to TRY in 2002-01
RUB to TRY in 2001	RUB to TRY in 2001-12 RUB to TRY in 2001-11 RUB to TRY in 2001-10 RUB to TRY in 2001-09 RUB to TRY in 2001-08 RUB to TRY in 2001-07 RUB to TRY in 2001-06 RUB to TRY in 2001-05 RUB to TRY in 2001-04 RUB to TRY in 2001-03 RUB to TRY in 2001-02 RUB to TRY in 2001-01
RUB to TRY in 2000	RUB to TRY in 2000-12 RUB to TRY in 2000-11 RUB to TRY in 2000-10 RUB to TRY in 2000-09 RUB to TRY in 2000-08 RUB to TRY in 2000-07 RUB to TRY in 2000-06 RUB to TRY in 2000-05 RUB to TRY in 2000-04 RUB to TRY in 2000-03 RUB to TRY in 2000-02 RUB to TRY in 2000-01

All RUB Exchange Rates Now

Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate	Exchange	Rate
RUB to AED rate	0.04475 ▼	RUB to ALL rate	1.20791 ▼	RUB to ANG rate	0.02197 ▼
RUB to ARS rate	2.98025 ▼	RUB to AUD rate	0.01816 ▼	RUB to AWG rate	0.02195 ▼
RUB to BBD rate	0.02439 ▼	RUB to BDT rate	1.31994 ▼	RUB to BGN rate	0.02218 ▼
RUB to BHD rate	0.0046 ▼	RUB to BIF rate	34.55371 ▼	RUB to BMD rate	0.01219 ▼
RUB to BND rate	0.01643 ▼	RUB to BOB rate	0.08425 ▼	RUB to BRL rate	0.06004 ▼
RUB to BSD rate	0.01219 ▼	RUB to BTN rate	1.00664 ▼	RUB to BZD rate	0.02458 ▼
RUB to CAD rate	0.01628 ▼	RUB to CHF rate	0.01098 ▼	RUB to CLP rate	9.63151 ▼
RUB to CNY rate	0.08672 ▼	RUB to COP rate	51.27339 ▼	RUB to CRC rate	6.54751 ▼
RUB to CZK rate	0.26777 ▼	RUB to DKK rate	0.08429 ▼	RUB to DOP rate	0.66711 ▼
RUB to DZD rate	1.6622 ▼	RUB to EGP rate	0.37747 ▼	RUB to ETB rate	0.66627 ▼
RUB to EUR rate	0.01131 ▼	RUB to FJD rate	0.02714 ▼	RUB to GBP rate	0.00972 ▼
RUB to GMD rate	0.7243 ▼	RUB to GNF rate	105.47493 ▼	RUB to GTQ rate	0.09547 ▼
RUB to HKD rate	0.09556 ▼	RUB to HNL rate	0.3 ▼	RUB to HRK rate	0.08522 ▼
RUB to HTG rate	1.7009 ▼	RUB to HUF rate	4.17694 ▼	RUB to IDR rate	180.84963 ▼
RUB to ILS rate	0.04456 ▼	RUB to INR rate	1.00601 ▼	RUB to IQD rate	15.96128 ▼
RUB to IRR rate	515.48587 ▼	RUB to ISK rate	1.69138 ▼	RUB to JMD rate	1.88897 ▼
RUB to JOD rate	0.00865 ▼	RUB to JPY rate	1.69438 ▼	RUB to KES rate	1.69796 ▼
RUB to KMF rate	5.61517 ▼	RUB to KRW rate	15.8142 ▼	RUB to KWD rate	0.00375 ▼
RUB to KYD rate	0.01016 ▼	RUB to KZT rate	5.41475 ▼	RUB to LBP rate	183.01666 ▼
RUB to LKR rate	3.56284 ▼	RUB to LSL rate	0.23424 ▼	RUB to MAD rate	0.12433 ▼
RUB to MDL rate	0.21666 ▼	RUB to MKD rate	0.69998 ▼	RUB to MNT rate	42.9094 ▼
RUB to MOP rate	0.09843 ▼	RUB to MUR rate	0.55544 ▼	RUB to MVR rate	0.18717 ▼
RUB to MWK rate	12.51562 ▼	RUB to MXN rate	0.21221 ▼	RUB to MYR rate	0.05632 ▼
RUB to NAD rate	0.23424 ▼	RUB to NGN rate	5.63553 ▼	RUB to NIO rate	0.44602 ▼
RUB to NOK rate	0.13282 ▼	RUB to NPR rate	1.61066 ▼	RUB to NZD rate	0.02001 ▼
RUB to OMR rate	0.00469 ▼	RUB to PAB rate	0.01219 ▼	RUB to PEN rate	0.04461 ▼
RUB to PGK rate	0.04328 ▼	RUB to PHP rate	0.68293 ▼	RUB to PKR rate	3.5014 ▼
RUB to PLN rate	0.05062 ▼	RUB to PYG rate	88.10271 ▼	RUB to QAR rate	0.04449 ▼
RUB to RON rate	0.05605 ▼	RUB to RWF rate	13.81582 ▼	RUB to SAR rate	0.04573 ▼
RUB to SBD rate	0.10162 ▼	RUB to SCR rate	0.1637 ▲	RUB to SEK rate	0.13173 ▼
RUB to SGD rate	0.01638 ▼	RUB to SLL rate	215.40054 ▼	RUB to SVC rate	0.10669 ▼
RUB to SZL rate	0.231 ▼	RUB to THB rate	0.42228 ▼	RUB to TND rate	0.03793 ▼
RUB to TOP rate	0.02888 ▼	RUB to TRY rate	0.2845 ▼	RUB to TTD rate	0.08262 ▼
RUB to TWD rate	0.37451 ▼	RUB to TZS rate	28.98427 ▼	RUB to UAH rate	0.45026 ▼
RUB to UGX rate	45.38601 ▼	RUB to USD rate	0.01219 ▼	RUB to UYU rate	0.47518 ▼
RUB to VUV rate	1.45079 ▼	RUB to WST rate	0.03323 ▼	RUB to XAF rate	7.42073 ▼
RUB to XCD rate	0.03295 ▼	RUB to XOF rate	7.42073 ▼	RUB to XPF rate	1.34998 ▼
RUB to YER rate	3.05268 ▼	RUB to ZAR rate	0.22977 ▼

Top

RUB to TRY Live Rate

RUB to TRY Rate Chart

RUB Popular Exchange Rates(today)

Economic indicators of Russian Federation and Turkey

RUB to TRY Historical Rates(table)

RUB to TRY Handy Conversion

Comparison between Russian Federation and Turkey

Background comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Geography comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

People comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Government comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Economy comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Energy comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Communications comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Transportation comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Military comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

Transnational comparison between [Russian Federation] and [Turkey]

RUB to TRY Historical Rates

All RUB Exchange Rates Now